Determination of Optimal Q-V Droop Controller Parameters for Three-Phase Modular UPS System Based on Genetic Algorithm (GA)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Industrial Electronics and Control Eng. Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University Menoufia, Egypt

Abstract

 This paper presents an optimized reactive power-voltage (Q-V) droop controller parameters for three-phase modular uninterruptible power supply (UPS) based on genetic algorithm (GA). The main objective of this paper is to minimize the voltage regulation error when there are changes in loads. In addition to select the control parameters carefully to promote the performance of the system against disturbances.  This is substantial to attain power sharing between different UPS units to balance sudden disturbances that happen when there are changes in loads. We propose a discrete proportional-integral controller which compares the output voltage with the reference value given by the droop control loops then generates suitable voltage vector signal to pulse-width modulation (PWM) inverter.  The fitness function for the optimization problem is formulated by considering the sum of square errors in voltage. This fitness function converges to local minima during the iterative operation of the genetic algorithm. Thus, the optimal parameters of the voltage droop control can be discovered with great probability. Simulation of two parallel-connected three-phase UPS units are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK R2018a. Comparison between the conventional trial and error tuning methods and GA optimization is performed. The results show that GA succeeded to minimize the output voltage root mean square error (RMSE) and to enhance the power sharing capability when there is variation in loads.

Keywords

References

[1]        Javed, A. H., Amin, M. A., Iqbal, T., and Ali, N.,’’ Power Sharing through Droop Control for Parallel Inverters with Line impedance Effect,’’ 4th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development 2016 (EESD 2016), MUET, Jamshoro, Pakistan, Oct. 2016.‏
[2]        Dissanayake, Anushka M., and Nishantha C. Ekneligoda. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Droop Controlled Distributed Generators in DC Microgrids." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2019.
[3]        John W. Simpson, Florian D¨orfler and Francesco Bullo, '' Voltage Stabilization in Microgrids via Quadratic Droop Control '', in Decision and Control (CDC), 2013 IEEE 52nd Annual Conference, Florence, Italy, Dec. 2013, pp. 7582 – 7589.
[4]        Wei, B., Liu, W., Guerrero, J. M., and  Vásquez, J. C., "A power sharing method based on modified droop control for modular UPS," Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2017-43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE. IEEE, Beijing, China, 2017, pp. 4839-4844.‏
[5]        L. Saro, and C. Zanettin, “The impact of a single module's MTBF value in modular UPS systems: Technique for its assessment, improvement and final validation,” in Proc. IEEE INTELEC 2016, Austin, TX, USA  Oct. 2016, pp. 1 -8.
[6]        Duan Shanxi, Meng Yu, Xiong Jian, Kang Yong,  and Chen Jian, " Parallel Operation Control Technique of Voltage Source Inverters in UPS, " in IEEE 1999 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, July 1999.
[7]        K.-D. Wu, J.-C. Wu, H.-L. Jou, C.-Y. Chen and C.-Y. Lin, "Simplified control method for parallel-connected DC/AC inverters, " IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., vol. 153, no. 6, pp. 787-792, November 2006.
 
[8]        Tayab, U. B., Roslan, M. A. B., Hwai, L. J. and Kashif, M,’’ A review of droop control techniques for microgrid,’’ Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 76, pp. 717-727, 2017.
[9]        Ibrahim, A., Y. Jibril, and Y. S. Haruna. "Determination of Optimal Droop Controller Parameters for an Islanded Microgrid System Using Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm (AFSA),"‏ International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol. 8, Issue 3, pp 959-965, March-2017.
[10]      Hassan, M., and M. Abido. "Optimal Power Sharing of an Inverter-Based Autonomous Microgrid." Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’13), Spain. 2013, pp 20-22.
[11]      Hassan, M. A., and M. A. Abido. "Real-time implementation and optimal design of autonomous microgrids." Electric Power Systems Research, vol.  109, pp 118-127, 2014.
[12]      R. Majumder, G. Ledwich and A. Ghosh, '' Droop control of converter interfaced micro sources in rural distributed generation '', IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2768–2778, Oct. 2010.
[13]      Hua Han, Xiaochao Hou, and Jian Yang ,'' Review of Power Sharing Control Strategies for Islanding Operation of AC Microgrids '', IEEE Transaction on Smart Grid, vol.7, no. 1, pp. 200-215, June 2015.
[14]       Issa, and Walid RM. "Improved control strategies for  droop-controlled inverter-based microgrid." (2015).
[15]      Abusara, Mohammad A., Josep M. Guerrero, and Suleiman M. Sharkh. "Line-interactive UPS for microgrids." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 3, pp 1292-1300, 2014.
[16]      Yu, K., Ai, Q., Wang, S., Ni, J., and Lv, T.,’’ Analysis and Optimization of Droop Controller for Microgrid System Based on Small-Signal Dynamic Model,’’ IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 695-705, 2016.
[17]      Malhotra, Shiv, Soumya Ranjan Sahoo, and Sandeep Anand, "CLPSO based droop optimization technique for DC Microgrid," Indian Control Conference (ICC). IEEE, IIT Kanpur, India, 2018, pp 172-177.
[18]      Josep M, Juan c, Jose Matas, M Castilla, and Luis G, '' Control strategy for flexible microgrid based parallel line interactive UPS system '', IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 726-736, Mach 2009.
[19]      Josep M. Guerrero, Néstor Berbel, Luis García de Vicuña, José Matas, Jaume Miret and Miguel Castilla, " Droop Control Method for the Parallel Operation of Online Uninterruptible Power Systems Using Resistive Output Impedance ", in 21st IEEE Anual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, , Dallas, TX, USA, March 2006,  pp. 1716-1722.
[20]      Zhou, Jiuyang, and Po-Tai Cheng. "A modified  Q- V droop control for accurate reactive power sharing in distributed generation microgrid." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 4100-4109, July 2019.
[21]      Khan, M., Jiang, H., Hashmi, K., and  Shahid, M.,’’ An Improved Control Strategy for Three-Phase Power Inverters in Islanded AC Microgrids,’’ Inventions, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 47-61, 2018.
[22]      Chia-Chi Chu and Lin-Yu Lu, '' Robust Consensus-Based Droop Control for Multiple Power Converters in Isolated Micro-Grids '', in Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2014 IEEE International Symposium on, Melbourne VIC, Australia, June 2014, pp. 1820-823.
[23]      Lin-Yu Lu, '' Consensus-Based  P-f and Q-V Droop control for multiple parallel-connected inverters in lossy network '', in Industrial Electronics (ISIE), 2013 IEEE International Symposium on, Taipei, Taiwan, May 2013, pp. 1-6. 
[24]      Chia-Tse Lee, Chia-Chi and Po-T Cheng, '' A New Droop Control Method for the Autonomous Operation of Distributed Energy Resource Interface Converters '', IEEE transactions on power electronics, vol. 28,  no. 4, pp. 1980-1992, 2013.
[25]      Wei, B., Marzàbal, A., Ruiz, R., Guerrero, J. M., and Vasquez, J. C. "DAVIC: A New Distributed Adaptive Virtual Impedance Control for Parallel-Connected Voltage Source Inverters in Modular UPS System." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 34, no. 6 pp. 5953-5968, June 2018.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
[26]      Control Theory Fundamentals, R.Poley, CreateSpace, 3rd edition, 2015.
[27]      J. Q. Puma and D. G. Colome, “Parameters identification of excitation system models using genetic algorithms,” IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 456–467, May 2008.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
[1]        Javed, A. H., Amin, M. A., Iqbal, T., and Ali, N.,’’ Power Sharing through Droop Control for Parallel Inverters with Line impedance Effect,’’ 4th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development 2016 (EESD 2016), MUET, Jamshoro, Pakistan, Oct. 2016.‏
[2]        Dissanayake, Anushka M., and Nishantha C. Ekneligoda. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Droop Controlled Distributed Generators in DC Microgrids." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2019.
[3]        John W. Simpson, Florian D¨orfler and Francesco Bullo, '' Voltage Stabilization in Microgrids via Quadratic Droop Control '', in Decision and Control (CDC), 2013 IEEE 52nd Annual Conference, Florence, Italy, Dec. 2013, pp. 7582 – 7589.
[4]        Wei, B., Liu, W., Guerrero, J. M., and  Vásquez, J. C., "A power sharing method based on modified droop control for modular UPS," Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2017-43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE. IEEE, Beijing, China, 2017, pp. 4839-4844.‏
[5]        L. Saro, and C. Zanettin, “The impact of a single module's MTBF value in modular UPS systems: Technique for its assessment, improvement and final validation,” in Proc. IEEE INTELEC 2016, Austin, TX, USA  Oct. 2016, pp. 1 -8.
[6]        Duan Shanxi, Meng Yu, Xiong Jian, Kang Yong,  and Chen Jian, " Parallel Operation Control Technique of Voltage Source Inverters in UPS, " in IEEE 1999 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, July 1999.
[7]        K.-D. Wu, J.-C. Wu, H.-L. Jou, C.-Y. Chen and C.-Y. Lin, "Simplified control method for parallel-connected DC/AC inverters, " IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., vol. 153, no. 6, pp. 787-792, November 2006.
 
[8]        Tayab, U. B., Roslan, M. A. B., Hwai, L. J. and Kashif, M,’’ A review of droop control techniques for microgrid,’’ Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 76, pp. 717-727, 2017.
[9]        Ibrahim, A., Y. Jibril, and Y. S. Haruna. "Determination of Optimal Droop Controller Parameters for an Islanded Microgrid System Using Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm (AFSA),"‏ International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol. 8, Issue 3, pp 959-965, March-2017.
[10]      Hassan, M., and M. Abido. "Optimal Power Sharing of an Inverter-Based Autonomous Microgrid." Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’13), Spain. 2013, pp 20-22.
[11]      Hassan, M. A., and M. A. Abido. "Real-time implementation and optimal design of autonomous microgrids." Electric Power Systems Research, vol.  109, pp 118-127, 2014.
[12]      R. Majumder, G. Ledwich and A. Ghosh, '' Droop control of converter interfaced micro sources in rural distributed generation '', IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2768–2778, Oct. 2010.
[13]      Hua Han, Xiaochao Hou, and Jian Yang ,'' Review of Power Sharing Control Strategies for Islanding Operation of AC Microgrids '', IEEE Transaction on Smart Grid, vol.7, no. 1, pp. 200-215, June 2015.
[14]       Issa, and Walid RM. "Improved control strategies for  droop-controlled inverter-based microgrid." (2015).
[15]      Abusara, Mohammad A., Josep M. Guerrero, and Suleiman M. Sharkh. "Line-interactive UPS for microgrids." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 3, pp 1292-1300, 2014.
[16]      Yu, K., Ai, Q., Wang, S., Ni, J., and Lv, T.,’’ Analysis and Optimization of Droop Controller for Microgrid System Based on Small-Signal Dynamic Model,’’ IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 695-705, 2016.
[17]      Malhotra, Shiv, Soumya Ranjan Sahoo, and Sandeep Anand, "CLPSO based droop optimization technique for DC Microgrid," Indian Control Conference (ICC). IEEE, IIT Kanpur, India, 2018, pp 172-177.
[18]      Josep M, Juan c, Jose Matas, M Castilla, and Luis G, '' Control strategy for flexible microgrid based parallel line interactive UPS system '', IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 726-736, Mach 2009.
[19]      Josep M. Guerrero, Néstor Berbel, Luis García de Vicuña, José Matas, Jaume Miret and Miguel Castilla, " Droop Control Method for the Parallel Operation of Online Uninterruptible Power Systems Using Resistive Output Impedance ", in 21st IEEE Anual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, , Dallas, TX, USA, March 2006,  pp. 1716-1722.
[20]      Zhou, Jiuyang, and Po-Tai Cheng. "A modified  Q- V droop control for accurate reactive power sharing in distributed generation microgrid." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 4100-4109, July 2019.
[21]      Khan, M., Jiang, H., Hashmi, K., and  Shahid, M.,’’ An Improved Control Strategy for Three-Phase Power Inverters in Islanded AC Microgrids,’’ Inventions, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 47-61, 2018.
[22]      Chia-Chi Chu and Lin-Yu Lu, '' Robust Consensus-Based Droop Control for Multiple Power Converters in Isolated Micro-Grids '', in Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2014 IEEE International Symposium on, Melbourne VIC, Australia, June 2014, pp. 1820-823.
[23]      Lin-Yu Lu, '' Consensus-Based  P-f and Q-V Droop control for multiple parallel-connected inverters in lossy network '', in Industrial Electronics (ISIE), 2013 IEEE International Symposium on, Taipei, Taiwan, May 2013, pp. 1-6. 
[24]      Chia-Tse Lee, Chia-Chi and Po-T Cheng, '' A New Droop Control Method for the Autonomous Operation of Distributed Energy Resource Interface Converters '', IEEE transactions on power electronics, vol. 28,  no. 4, pp. 1980-1992, 2013.
[25]      Wei, B., Marzàbal, A., Ruiz, R., Guerrero, J. M., and Vasquez, J. C. "DAVIC: A New Distributed Adaptive Virtual Impedance Control for Parallel-Connected Voltage Source Inverters in Modular UPS System." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 34, no. 6 pp. 5953-5968, June 2018.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
[26]      Control Theory Fundamentals, R.Poley, CreateSpace, 3rd edition, 2015.
[27]      J. Q. Puma and D. G. Colome, “Parameters identification of excitation system models using genetic algorithms,” IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 456–467, May 2008.
 
 
 
 
 
[1]        Javed, A. H., Amin, M. A., Iqbal, T., and Ali, N.,’’ Power Sharing through Droop Control for Parallel Inverters with Line impedance Effect,’’ 4th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development 2016 (EESD 2016), MUET, Jamshoro, Pakistan, Oct. 2016.‏
[2]        Dissanayake, Anushka M., and Nishantha C. Ekneligoda. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Droop Controlled Distributed Generators in DC Microgrids." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2019.
[3]        John W. Simpson, Florian D¨orfler and Francesco Bullo, '' Voltage Stabilization in Microgrids via Quadratic Droop Control '', in Decision and Control (CDC), 2013 IEEE 52nd Annual Conference, Florence, Italy, Dec. 2013, pp. 7582 – 7589.
[4]        Wei, B., Liu, W., Guerrero, J. M., and  Vásquez, J. C., "A power sharing method based on modified droop control for modular UPS," Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2017-43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE. IEEE, Beijing, China, 2017, pp. 4839-4844.‏
[5]        L. Saro, and C. Zanettin, “The impact of a single module's MTBF value in modular UPS systems: Technique for its assessment, improvement and final validation,” in Proc. IEEE INTELEC 2016, Austin, TX, USA  Oct. 2016, pp. 1 -8.
[6]        Duan Shanxi, Meng Yu, Xiong Jian, Kang Yong,  and Chen Jian, " Parallel Operation Control Technique of Voltage Source Inverters in UPS, " in IEEE 1999 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, July 1999.
[7]        K.-D. Wu, J.-C. Wu, H.-L. Jou, C.-Y. Chen and C.-Y. Lin, "Simplified control method for parallel-connected DC/AC inverters, " IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., vol. 153, no. 6, pp. 787-792, November 2006.
[8]        Tayab, U. B., Roslan, M. A. B., Hwai, L. J. and Kashif, M,’’ A review of droop control techniques for microgrid,’’ Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 76, pp. 717-727, 2017.
[9]        Ibrahim, A., Y. Jibril, and Y. S. Haruna. "Determination of Optimal Droop Controller Parameters for an Islanded Microgrid System Using Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm (AFSA),"‏ International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol. 8, Issue 3, pp 959-965, March-2017.
[10]      Hassan, M., and M. Abido. "Optimal Power Sharing of an Inverter-Based Autonomous Microgrid." Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’13), Spain. 2013, pp 20-22.
[11]      Hassan, M. A., and M. A. Abido. "Real-time implementation and optimal design of autonomous microgrids." Electric Power Systems Research, vol.  109, pp 118-127, 2014.
[12]      R. Majumder, G. Ledwich and A. Ghosh, '' Droop control of converter interfaced micro sources in rural distributed generation '', IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2768–2778, Oct. 2010.
[13]      Hua Han, Xiaochao Hou, and Jian Yang ,'' Review of Power Sharing Control Strategies for Islanding Operation of AC Microgrids '', IEEE Transaction on Smart Grid, vol.7, no. 1, pp. 200-215, June 2015.
[14]       Issa, and Walid RM. "Improved control strategies for  droop-controlled inverter-based microgrid." (2015).
[15]      Abusara, Mohammad A., Josep M. Guerrero, and Suleiman M. Sharkh. "Line-interactive UPS for microgrids." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 3, pp 1292-1300, 2014.
[16]      Yu, K., Ai, Q., Wang, S., Ni, J., and Lv, T.,’’ Analysis and Optimization of Droop Controller for Microgrid System Based on Small-Signal Dynamic Model,’’ IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 695-705, 2016.
[17]      Malhotra, Shiv, Soumya Ranjan Sahoo, and Sandeep Anand, "CLPSO based droop optimization technique for DC Microgrid," Indian Control Conference (ICC). IEEE, IIT Kanpur, India, 2018, pp 172-177.
[18]      Josep M, Juan c, Jose Matas, M Castilla, and Luis G, '' Control strategy for flexible microgrid based parallel line interactive UPS system '', IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 726-736, Mach 2009.
[19]      Josep M. Guerrero, Néstor Berbel, Luis García de Vicuña, José Matas, Jaume Miret and Miguel Castilla, " Droop Control Method for the Parallel Operation of Online Uninterruptible Power Systems Using Resistive Output Impedance ", in 21st IEEE Anual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, , Dallas, TX, USA, March 2006,  pp. 1716-1722.
[20]      Zhou, Jiuyang, and Po-Tai Cheng. "A modified  Q- V droop control for accurate reactive power sharing in distributed generation microgrid." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 4100-4109, July 2019.
[21]      Khan, M., Jiang, H., Hashmi, K., and  Shahid, M.,’’ An Improved Control Strategy for Three-Phase Power Inverters in Islanded AC Microgrids,’’ Inventions, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 47-61, 2018.
[22]      Chia-Chi Chu and Lin-Yu Lu, '' Robust Consensus-Based Droop Control for Multiple Power Converters in Isolated Micro-Grids '', in Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2014 IEEE International Symposium on, Melbourne VIC, Australia, June 2014, pp. 1820-823.
[23]      Lin-Yu Lu, '' Consensus-Based  P-f and Q-V Droop control for multiple parallel-connected inverters in lossy network '', in Industrial Electronics (ISIE), 2013 IEEE International Symposium on, Taipei, Taiwan, May 2013, pp. 1-6. 
[24]      Chia-Tse Lee, Chia-Chi and Po-T Cheng, '' A New Droop Control Method for the Autonomous Operation of Distributed Energy Resource Interface Converters '', IEEE transactions on power electronics, vol. 28,  no. 4, pp. 1980-1992, 2013.
[25]      Wei, B., Marzàbal, A., Ruiz, R., Guerrero, J. M., and Vasquez, J. C. "DAVIC: A New Distributed Adaptive Virtual Impedance Control for Parallel-Connected Voltage Source Inverters in Modular UPS System." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 34, no. 6 pp. 5953-5968, June 2018.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
[26]      Control Theory Fundamentals, R.Poley, CreateSpace, 3rd edition, 2015.
[27]      J. Q. Puma and D. G. Colome, “Parameters identification of excitation system models using genetic algorithms,” IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 456–467, May 2
 
 
 
Menoufia Journal of Electronic Engineering Research
Volume 28, ICEEM2019-Special Issue
ICEEM2019-Special Issue: 1st International Conference on Electronic Eng., Faculty of Electronic Eng., Menouf, Egypt, 7-8 Dec.
2019
Pages 248-255

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