Literature Review on All-Optical Photonic Crystal Encoders and Some Novel Trends

Reviewers

Authors

1 Department of Communications and Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt, P.O. 11829,

2 Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf, Egypt,

Abstract

The all-optical encoder (AOE) based on photonic crystals (Ph.Cs.) is one of the most important devices in computing systems. The essential related parameters are the delay time, the switching speed and the contrast ratio (CR). Moreover, the design simplicity, the compact size and the multi-wavelength operation have come as a fabrication and functional relevant attributes. Throughout the upcoming lines, an introduction for the important assessment factors and definitions will be presented. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) and plane wave expansion (PWE) methods were used for analyzing all structures. An intensive overview of the photonic crystals (AOE) was achieved for the recently published (4x2) and (8x3) types. The corresponding functional parameters for each design were explored, and comparison tables were organized. Finally, numerical methods were discussed with the accompanying commercial software packages; then a future view for the higher-performance operation was attained.

Keywords


bkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-t[1] S. G. Johnson and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Introduction to Photonic crystals: Bloch’s
theorem, band diagrams, and Gaps (but no defects),” Photonic Cryst. Tutor., no.
February, pp. 1–16, 2003.
[2] K. Sakoda, “Optical Properties of Photonic Crystals,” Springer Ser. Opt. Sci., vol.
80, 2009.
[3] J. J. D. Joannopoulos, S. Johnson, J. N. J. Winn, and R. R. D. Meade, “Photonic
crystals: molding the flow of light,” Time, p. 286, 2008.
[4] M. Djavid and M. S. Abrishamian, “Multi-channel drop filters using photonic
crystal ring resonators,” Opt. - Int. J. Light Electron Opt., vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 167–
170, 2012.
[5] A. Tavousi, M. A. Mansouri-Birjandi, M. Ghadrdan, and M. Ranjbar-Torkamani,
“Application of photonic crystal ring resonator nonlinear response for full-optical
tunable add–drop filtering,” Photonic Netw. Commun., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 131–139,
2017.
[6] R. Jannesari, C. Ranacher, C. Consani, T. Grille, and B. Jakoby, “Sensitivity
optimization of a photonic crystal ring resonator for gas sensing applications,”
Sensors Actuators, A Phys., vol. 264, pp. 347–351, 2017.
[7] A. M. Bahabady, S. Olyaee, and H. Arman, “Optical Biochemical Sensor Using
Photonic Crystal Nano-ring Resonators for the Detection of Protein Concentration,”
Curr. Nanosci., vol. 13, no. 4, 2017.
[8] S. H. Kim et al., “Two-dimensional photonic crystal hexagonal waveguide ring
laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 81, no. 14, pp. 2499–2501, 2002.
[9] F. Sohrabi, T. Mahinroosta, and S. M. Hamidi, “Design of 1 × 3 power splitter
based on photonic crystal ring resonator,” Opt. Eng., vol. 53, no. 11, p. 115104,
2014.
[10] Y. P. Yang, K. C. Lin, I. C. Yang, K. Y. Lee, W. Y. Lee, and Y. T. Tsai, “Alloptical photonic-crystal encoder capable of operating at multiple wavelengths,”
Optik (Stuttg)., vol. 142, pp. 354–359, 2017.
[11] F. Mehdizadeh, M. Soroosh, and H. Alipour-Banaei, “An optical demultiplexer
based on photonic crystal ring resonators,” Optik (Stuttg)., vol. 127, no. 20, pp.
8706–8709, Oct. 2016.
normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; [12] G. C. Ballesteros, J. Matres, J. Mart, and C. J. Oton, “Backscattering Effects In
Silicon Ring Resonators,” Eur. Conf. Integr. Opt., pp. 1–2, 2012.
[13] Y. Liu, F. Qin, Z.-M. Meng, F. Zhou, Q.-H. Mao, and Z.-Y. Li, “All-optical logic
gates based on two-dimensional low-refractive-index nonlinear photonic crystal
slabs,” Opt. Express, vol. 19, no. 3, p. 1945, Jan. 2011.
[14] M. I. Shehata and N. A. Mohammed, “Design and optimization of novel two inputs
optical logic gates (NOT, AND, OR and NOR) based on single commercial TWSOA operating at 40 Gbit/s,” Opt. Quantum Electron., vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1–16,
2016.
[15] S. Kaur, R. Kaler, and T. Kamal, “All-Optical Binary Full Adder Using Logic
Operations Based on the Nonlinear Properties of a Semiconductor Optical
Amplifier,” J. Opt. Soc. Korea, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 222–227, 2015.
[16] T. D. Vo et al., “Photonic chip based all-optical XOR gate for phase-encoded
signals,” Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. 2011, p. OWG2, 2011.
[17] S. Wabnitz and B. J. Eggleton, “All-optical signal processing: Data communication
and storage,” p. 512, 2015.
[18] Y. Chen, H. Zhang, F. Liu, and H. Gu, “An optimization framework for routing on
optical Network-on-Chips (ONoCs) from a networking perspective,” 2015 IEEE
Int. Conf. Signal Process. Commun. Comput. ICSPCC 2015, 2015.
[19] J. Feldmann et al., “All-optical signal processing using phase-change
nanophotonics,” in 2017 19th International Conference on Transparent Optical
Networks (ICTON), 2017, pp. 1–3.
[20] L. S. Yan et al., “All-Optical Signal Processing for UltraHigh Speed Optical
Systems and Networks,” J. Light. Technol., vol. 30, no. 24, pp. 3760–3770, 2012.
[21] T. J. Naughton and D. Woods, “Optical Computing,” in Computational Complexity,
New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012, pp. 2138–2156.
[22] H. Abdeldayem and D. O. Frazier, “Optical computing: Need and challenge,”
Commun. ACM, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 60–62, 2007.
[23] E. M. Vogel et al., “Structural and optical study of silicate glasses for nonlinear
optical devices,” J. Non. Cryst. Solids, vol. 107, no. 2–3, pp. 244–250, 1989.
[24] S. R. Friberg, Y. Silberberg, M. K. Oliver, M. J. Andrejco, M. A. Saifi, and P. W.
Smith, “Ultrafast all-optical switching in a dual-core fiber nonlinear coupler,” Appl.
Phys. Lett., vol. 51, no. 15, pp. 1135–1137, 1987.
[25] E. M. Vogel, “Glasses as Nonlinear Photonic Materials,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., vol.
72, no. 5, pp. 719–724, 1989.
[26] H. M. Gibbs, S. L. Mccall, and T. N. C. Venkatesan, “Optical Bistable Devices - the
Basic Components of All-Optical Systems,” Proc. Soc. Photo-Optical Instrum.
Eng., vol. 269, pp. 75–80, 1981.
[27] S. D. Smith, “Optical bistability, photonic logic, and optical computation,” Appl.
Opt., vol. 25, no. 10, p. 1550, 1986.
[28] S. M. Jensen, “The Nonlinear Coherent Coupler,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory
Tech., vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1568–1571, 1982.
[29] K. J. Blow, N. J. Doran, and B. P. Nelson, “Demonstration of the nonlinear fibre
loop mirror as an ultrafast all-optical demultiplexer,” Electron. Lett., vol. 26, no. 14,
p. 962, 1990.
[30] A. Lattes, H. A. Haus, E. P. Ippen, and F. J. Leonberger, “An Ultrafast All-Optical
Gate,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 1718–1723, 1983.
pace: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing:[31] N. J. Doran and D. Wood, “Soliton processing element for all-optical switching and
logic,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 1843–1846, 1987.
[32] X. Zhang, Y. Wang, J. Sun, D. Liu, and D. Huang, “All-optical AND gate at 10
Gbit/s based on cascaded single-port-couple SOAs.,” Opt. Express, vol. 12, no. 3,
pp. 361–366, 2004.
[33] S. Ma, Z. Chen, H. Sun, and N. K. Dutta, “High speed all optical logic gates based
on quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifiers.,” Opt. Express, vol. 18, no. 7, pp.
6417–22, 2010.
[34] J. Wang, J. Sun, and Q. Sun, “Experimental observation of a 1.5 microm band
wavelength conversion and logic NOT gate at 40 Gbit/s based on sum-frequency
generation.,” Opt. Lett., vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 1711–3, 2006.
[35] J. Wang, J. Sun, and Q. Sun, “Proposal for all-optical switchable OR/XOR logic
gates using sum-frequency generation,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., vol. 19, no.
8, pp. 541–543, 2007.
[36] J. Wang et al., “PPLN-based flexible optical logic and gate,” IEEE Photonics
Technol. Lett., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 211–213, 2008.
[37] M. Xiong et al., “All-optical 10 Gb/s AND logic gate in a silicon microring
resonator,” Opt. Express, vol. 21, no. 22, pp. 25772–25779, 2013.
[38] J. K. Rakshit, J. N. Roy, and T. Chattopadhyay, “All-optical XOR/XNOR logic gate
using micro-ring resonators,” CODEC 2012 - 5th Int. Conf. Comput. Devices
Commun., 2012.
[39] R. M. Younis, N. F. F. Areed, and S. S. A. Obayya, “Fully Integrated AND and OR
Optical Logic Gates,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., vol. 26, no. 19, pp. 1900–
1903, 2014.
[40] P. Rani, Y. Kalra, and R. K. Sinha, “Realization of and gate in y shaped photonic
crystal waveguide,” Opt. Commun., vol. 298–299, pp. 227–231, 2013.
[41] HamedAlipour-BanaeiaSomayeSerajmohammadibFarhadMehdizadehc, “AllOptical NAND Gate Based on Nonlinear Photonic Crystal Ring Resonators,” Opt. -
Int. J. Light Electron Opt., vol. 130, pp. 1214–1221, 2017.
[42] F. Mehdizadeh and M. Soroosh, “Designing of all optical NOR gate based on
photonic crystal,” Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 35–39, 2016.
[43] Z. Zhu, W. Ye, J. Ji, X. Yuan, and C. Zen, “High-contrast light-by-light switching
and AND gate based on nonlinear photonic crystals,” Opt. Express, vol. 14, no. 5,
pp. 1783–1788, 2006.
[44] H. Azuma, “Quantum computation with Kerr-nonlinear photonic crystals,” J. Phys.
D. Appl. Phys., vol. 41, no. 2, 2008.
[45] M. Notomi et al., “Nonlinear and adiabatic control of high-Q photonic crystal
nanocavities,” Opt. Express, vol. 15, no. 26, p. 17458, 2007.
[46] Y. Zhang, and B. Li, “Optical switches and logic gates based on self-collimated
beams in two-dimensional photonic crystals,” Opt. Express, vol. 15, no. 15, p.
9287, 2007.
[47] K.-Y. Lee et al., “The designs of XOR logic gates based on photonic crystals,”
Proc. SPIE, vol. 7135, no. 245, p. 71353Y–71353Y–8, 2008.
[48] H. Sharifi, S. M. Hamidi, and K. Navi, “A new design procedure for all-optical
photonic crystal logic gates and functions based on threshold logic,” Opt. Commun.,
vol. 370, pp. 231–238, 2016.
[49] S. Gholamnejad and M. Zavvari, “Design and analysis of all-optical 4–2 binary
encoder based on photonic crystal,” Opt. Quantum Electron., vol. 49, no. 9, 2017
white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-[50] F. Mehdizadeh, M. Soroosh, and H. Alipour-Banaei, “Proposal for 4-to-2 optical
encoder based on photonic crystals,” IET Optoelectron., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 29–35,
Feb. 2017.
[51] M. M. Mano, “Computer System Architecture,” pp. 1–36, 1992.
[52] M. M. Mano, “Computer Engineering: Hardware Design,” p. 464, 1988.
[53] R. M. Ribeiro, F. Lucarz, and B. Fracasso, “Proposal and design of an all-optical
encoder for digitising radio-over-fibre transceivers,” Proc. 2013 18th Eur. Conf.
Netw. Opt. Commun. NOC 2013 2013 8th Conf. Opt. Cabling Infrastructure, OC I
2013, pp. 35–42, 2013.
[54] K.-Y. Lee, Y.-C. Yang, Y.-J. Lin, W.-Y. Lee, C.-C. Lee, and S.-H. Wong, “The
designs of 4×2 encoder based on photonic crystals,” America (NY)., vol. 7630, p.
76300I–76300I–7, 2009.
[55] M. Hassangholizadeh-Kashtiban, R. Sabbaghi-Nadooshan, and H. Alipour-Banaei,
“A novel all optical reversible 4×2 encoder based on photonic crystals,” Opt. - Int.
J. Light Electron Opt., vol. 126, no. 20, pp. 2368–2372, 2015.
[56] I. Ouahab and Rafah, “A novel all optical 4×2 encoder switch based on photonic
crystal ring resonators,” Opt. - Int. J. Light Electron Opt., 2016.
[57] H. Alipour-Banaei, M. G. Rabati, P. Abdollahzadeh-Badelbou, and F. Mehdizadeh,
“Application of self-collimated beams to realization of all optical photonic crystal
encoder,” Phys. E Low-Dimensional Syst. Nanostructures, vol. 75, pp. 77–85, 2016.
[58] T. A. Moniem, “All-optical digital 4 x 2 encoder based on 2D photonic crystal ring
resonators,” J. Mod. Opt., vol. 63, no. 8, pp. 735–741, 2016.
[59] E. haq Shaik and N. Rangaswamy, “Improved design of all-optical photonic crystal
logic gates using T-shaped waveguide,” Opt. Quantum Electron., vol. 48, no. 1, pp.
1–15, 2016.
[60] H. Kosaka et al., “Self-collimating phenomena in photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys.
Lett., vol. 74, no. 9, pp. 1212–1214, 1999.
[61] J. Witzens, M. Lončar, and A. Scherer, “Self-collimation in planar photonic
crystals,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1246–1257, 2002.
[62] X. Yu and S. Fan, “Bends and splitters for self-collimated beams in photonic
crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 83, no. 16, pp. 3251–3253, 2003.
[63] S. G. Lee, S. S. Oh, J. E. Kim, H. Y. Park, and C. S. Kee, “Line-defect-induced
bending and splitting of self-collimated beams in two-dimensional photonic
crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 87, no. 18, pp. 1–3, 2005.
[64] A. Salimzadeh and H. Alipour-Banaei, “An all optical 8 to 3 encoder based on
photonic crystal OR-gate ring resonators,” Opt. Commun., vol. 410, pp. 793–798,
2018.
[65] R. M. De La Rue, “Photonic Crystal and Photonic Band-Gap Structures for Light
Extraction and Emission Control,” Photonic Cryst. Phys. Technol., pp. 131–147,
2008.
[66] A. Ghaffari, F. Monlfi, M. Djavid, and M. S. Abrishamian, “Analysis of photonic
crystal power splitters with different configurations,” J. Appl. Sci., vol. 8, no. 8, pp.
1416–1425, 2008.
[67] K. M. Leung and Y. F. Liu, “Photon band structures: The plane-wave method,”
Phys. Rev. B, vol. 41, no. 14, pp. 10188–10190, 1990.
[68] K. M. Ho, C. T. Chan, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Existence of a photonic gap in
periodic dielectric structures,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 65, no. 25, pp. 3152–3155,
1990.
st: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0[69] K. S. Kunz and R. J. Luebbers, “The finite difference time domain method for
electromagnetism,” 1992.
[70] M. J. Rycroft, “Computational electrodynamics, the finite-difference time-domain
method,” J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., vol. 58, no. 15, pp. 1817–1818, 1996.
[71] D. Zhao, J. Zhang, P. Yao, X. Jiang, and X. Chen, “Photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder
interferometer based on self-collimation,” Physics (College. Park. Md)., pp. 2007–
2009, 2007.
[72] W.-Y. Chiu et al., “A photonic crystal ring resonator formed by SOI nano-rods,”
Opt. Express, vol. 15, no. 23, p. 15500, 2007.
[73] S. Naghizade, S. Mohammadi, and H. Khoshsima, “Design and simulation of an all
optical 8 to 3 binary encoder based on optimized photonic crystal OR gates,” J. Opt.
Commun., vol. 0, no. 0, 2018.
[74] F. Haddadan and M. Soroosh, “Low-power all-optical 8-to-3 encoder using
photonic crystal-based waveguides,” Photonic Netw. Commun., 2018.
[75] A. Taflove and S. C. Hagness, Computational Electrodynamics: The FiniteDifference Time-Domain Method, 3rd ed. Artech House, 2005.
[76] J. Dai, Q. H. Liu, J.-M. J. W. C. Chew, and J. Song, Fast and Efficient Algorithms
in Computational Electromagnetics, no. 4. Artech House, 2001.
[77] K. Yasumoto, Electromagnetic Theory and Applications for Photonics Crystals, 1st
ed. CRC Press, 2005.
[78] S. Obayya, Computational Photonics, 1st ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
[79] S. Johnson and J. Joannopoulos, “Block-iterative frequency-domain methods for
Maxwell’s equations in a planewave basis,” Opt. Express, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 173,
2001.
[80] R. C. Rumpf, "FDTD | EM Lab", Emlab.utep.edu, 2019. [Online]. Available:
http://emlab.utep.edu/ee5390fdtd.htm. [Accessed: 05- Jan- 2019].
[81] R. C. Rumpf, "CEM | EM Lab", Emlab.utep.edu, 2019. [Online]. Available:
http://emlab.utep.edu/ee5390cem.htm. [Accessed: 05- Jan- 2019].
[82] S. Johnson and J. Joannopoulos, “Block-iterative frequency-domain methods for
Maxwell’s equations in a planewave basis,” Opt. Express, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 173,
2001.
[83] "CAMFR Home Page", Camfr.sourceforge.net, 2019. [Online]. Available:
http://camfr.sourceforge.net/. [Accessed: 05- Jan- 2019].
[84] "Mode Solvers – Waveguide CAD Software – FIMMWAVE", Photond.com, 2019.
[Online]. Available: https://www.photond.com/products/fimmwave.htm. [Accessed:
05- Jan- 2019].
[85] "Photonic Crystal Simulation Toolkit including Band Solver and FDTD Engine
CrystalWave", Photond.com, 2019. [Online]. Available:
https://www.photond.com/products/crystalwave.htm. [Accessed: 05- Jan- 2019].
[86] "Optiwave", Optiwave, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://optiwave.com/.
[Accessed: 05- Jan- 2019].
[87] "Solutions That Address Many Photonic Applications - Lumerical", Lumerical,
2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.lumerical.com/solutions/. [Accessed: 05-
Jan- 2019].
[88] "Photonic Design Software | RSoft Products", Synopsys.com, 2019. [Online].
Available: https://www.synopsys.com/optical-solutions/rsoft.html. [Accessed: 05-
Jan- 2019].